zinc oxide nanoparticles

Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) are a promising platform for use in biomedical research, especially given their anticancer and antimicrobial activities. In the past two decades, ZnO NPs have become one of the most popular metal oxide nanoparticles in biological applications due to their excellent biocompatibility, economic, and low toxicity. ZnO nanopowders are available as powders and dispersions. ZnONPs proved to be highly efficient against several multidrug-resistant and biofilm-related pathogens, such as E. faecalis and Staphylococcus epidermis (Ranghar et al., 2014). 5.12). Copper-hydrotalcite (Cu-HT) can be used as an alternative disinfectant to chlorine in a water-purification system. [191] described that ZnO NPs penetrate the bacterial cell envelope and disorganize the cell membrane. Natural Product-Based Fabrication of Zinc-Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Applications. Taken together, and considering that the authors ruled out the possibility that zinc ions were the cause of ZnO-induced antibacterial activity, it was proposed that the particles penetrate the cell membrane, which is followed by ROS-triggered oxidation of the cellular contents leading to cell death. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are of particular interest for antimicrobial applications as, unlike many other types of NPs, ZnO is an FDA approved food additive and is generally recognised as safe and non-toxic in low concentrations. Congo Red, Acid Blue 9 … We use cookies to enhance your experience. Zinc is a Block D, Period 4 element, while Oxygen is a Block P, Period 2 element. (Liu et al., 2013). Hojati et al. The NF120 by SEC is a non-destructive analysis system for wafer level packaging. The TGA curve shows that the weight loss proceeds in successive stages with increasing temperature. ZnO-NPs exhibit attractive antibacterial properties due to increased specific surface area … In fact, the toxicity of ZnO NPs against E. coli in five different types of media, with the toxicity ascribed to free zinc ions and labile zinc complexes, has been shown by Li et al. EPSRC Doctoral Prize Fellow, Dr Ishara Dharmasena, speaks to AZoNano about their groundbreaking triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) technology that has the potential to convert our movements into electricity. Biofilm growth was reduced 80% in comparison to the unmodified resin. To confirm the dominant role of ROS-mediated antibacterial activity, a zinc ion leaching study was also carried out, and the authors report that Zn2+contribute minimally to the antibacterial activity. In this study, zinc oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using Laurus nobilis L. leaves aqueous extract and two different zinc salts (zinc acetate and zinc nitrate) as … There are also other studies confirming the strong antimicrobial activity of ZnO nanoparticles wherein the nanoparticles could completely lyse the foodborne bacteria Salmonella typhimurium (Liu et al., 2009). The results showed that only the epoxy nanocomposite containing the 0.07 wt% ZnO (Z5) nanoparticles corresponds to simultaneously high visible-light transparency and high UV light shielding efficiency. ROS, Zn2+) at a faster rate due to the increase in surface area-to-volume ratio with decreased particle size. Zinc is a Block D, Period 4 element, while Oxygen is a Block P, Period 2 element. Figure 5.9 shows the thermogravimetric analysis/differential thermal analysis (TGA/DTA) curves in nitrogen for the precursor (sample Z1). (2013) revealed that ZnONPs along with silver oxide and titanium oxide have been applied as products for disinfection, so this is the reason why they analyzed their respiratory immunotoxicity in vitro on alveolar macrophages (AMs) and in vivo on rat models after the intratracheal infusion with NPs. Another reason for ZnO NPs’ pronounced antimicrobial activity is their high surface to volume ratio and surface abrasiveness. Furthermore, after 7 days of treatment, fibrous tissue started to grow and cardiac inflammation was also detected whereas after 30 days, deterioration and necrosis of the myocardium were identified (Chuang et al., 2014). These films effectively killed S. aureus [194]. Upon synthesis of ZnO NPs, surface oxidation can lead to the generation of Zn2+ ions; however, as previously discussed with respect to Ag and Cu-based NPs, functionalisation of NP surfaces can slow or prevent this process [31]. Green synthesis of nanoparticles by biological systems especially plant extracts has become an emerging field in nanotechnology. That is the reason why ZnO is particularly active in cell wall damage, increasing membrane permeability, internalization of NPs due to loss of proton motive force. Also, it is suggested that Zn2+ ion released from dissolution of ZnO (Franklin et al., 2007; Sawai, 2003) binds to the membranes of microorganisms which can prolong the lag phase of the microbial growth cycle (Atmaca et al., 1998). Transparent ZnO/epoxy nanocomposites are prepared from the transparent epoxy (EP-400) and the as-prepared ZnO nanoparticles described above via in situ polymerization. (2013) evaluated the ability of a flowable resin, containing 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5% by weight of ZnO nanoparticles with an average diameter of 20 nm, to inhibit S. mutans. ZnO NPs were synthesized by the Pechini method by reacting CA with ethylene glycol. An ESR investigation of ROS production in aqueous suspensions of ZnO NPs confirmed the presence of hydroxyl radicals, the formation of which was enhanced in the presence of bacteria, but the extent of enhancement differed between E. coli and S. aureus. The data obtained led the authors to conclude that ROS-induced oxidative stress could not be the primary mechanism of antibacterial activity of the ZnO NPs studied, at least with respect to MRSA. This enhanced level of membrane penetration has been attributed by some researchers to the sharp edges and corners that can be present on non-spherical ZnO NPs [31]. 5.10. Zinc oxide quantum dot nanoparticles absorb UV light but are optically transparent making them useful as the active ingredient of sunscreens. Upon light irradiation, ZnO NPs can be excited and react with O2 to generate ROS; ROS production has been widely reported as a contributing factor to the antimicrobial action induced by ZnO NPs [31], but this explanation is particularly controversial. The opinions expressed here are the views of the writer and do not necessarily reflect the views and opinions of AZoNano.com. 5.11. Other authors have indicated that smaller ZnO NPs release their toxic components (e.g. (2014) administrated ZnONPs to Sprague–Dawley rats through intratracheal inhalation and after 24 h of treatment they declared that NPs agglomerated especially in the lungs and insignificant levels of zinc were observed in the heart, liver, kidneys, and blood. The synthesis of very small ZnO nuclei was simplified. Phytotoxic effects have been mostly identified at unrealistic environmental concentrations. The NPs became an integral part of the polymer backbone which slowed down particle release rate from the polymer matrix. Transparency of ZnO/epoxy nanocomposite samples with the 0.07 wt% ZnO nanoparticles prepared at different temperatures (Li et al., 2006). A fluorescence study was also performed in both light and dark conditions, and the results of this study revealed the spontaneous, time-dependent production of hydroxyl radicals, even in the dark. Furthermore, the extent of Zn2+ dissolution upon ZnO NP dispersion depends on the nature of the surrounding medium (e.g. Metal oxide nanoparticles such as zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles have large surface area and exhibit chemical and thermal stability and antimicrobial properties. The reported method is based on the. In this study, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) were successfully fabricated through the harnessing of metabolites present in the cell filtrate of a newly isolated and identified microalga Arthrospira platensis (Class: Cyanophyceae). Gram positive bacteria including S. aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes and Enterococcus faecalis have shown 95% growth inhibition in the presence of ZnO nanoparticles [13]. Essentially, nanoparticles are a varied form of basic elements, which are derived as a result of a change to the atomic and molecular properties of the required elements. Zinc oxide nanoparticles were reported to have therapeutic benefits. Emami-Karvani et al. Zinc oxide nanoparticles have attracted much attention due to their versatile and promising applications in biological sciences, such as an antibacterial, antifungal, and antifouling agent (Wang, 2004). Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) were investigated for their great antimicrobial effect against multiple foodborne pathogens and food contaminants, as for example enterotoxigenic E. coli, Botrytis cinerea, and Penicillium expansum. ZnO NPs also possess high catalytic and photochemical activities, with high optical absorption in the UVA (315–400 nm) and UVB (280–315 nm) regions which is beneficial with respect to induced bacterial toxicity [124]. They can also be utilized as a self-cleaning coating material on glass and ceramic surfaces. size (APS), 20 wt. In the present study, various size of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) was synthesized via Sol-gel method. ZnO is used in pharmaceutical products, such as antibacterial cream, lotions and ointments, and in surface coatings to prevent biofilm formation [192]. The UV–Vis transmittance spectra of epoxy and nanocomposites at the 0.07 wt% ZnO are shown in Fig. However, they were reported to have toxicological hazards as well. Soc. In vitro results showed that ZnO NPs displayed more toxic effects than the other NPs, especially according to WST-8 and LDH assays, whereas in vivo NPs generated oxidative damages to the lungs and thus induced immunotoxicity. Nanoparticle zinc oxide, ZnO, is a form of zinc oxide where the compound is formed into individual particles as small as 20 nanometers in diameter. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) have been valued in various applications, such as sunscreens, toothpastes, and cosmetics especially because of their ability to absorb ultraviolet radiation (Lopes et al., 2014). Moreover, the mechanical properties of dental adhesives and composite resins after inclusion of ZnO nanoparticle fillers were not adversely affected (Chen et al., 2012; Ferracane, 2011). Sometimes ZnO NPs dissociate to Zn2+ ions which can diffuse through damaged cell membrane and interact with intracellular contents (Brayner et al., 2006). ZnO nanoparticles showed bactericidal effects on Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as the fungal spores which were resistant to high temperature and high pressure (Azam et al., 2012). prepared ~7 nm ZnO NPs using an ultrasonic method to examine their antimicrobial activity against E. coli and S. aureus, as well as the mechanism thereof [126]. part. Fu, in Physical Properties and Applications of Polymer Nanocomposites, 2010. Sun et al. The photocatalytic activity of the synthesized ZnO NPs was investigated for the Decolourization of three different colored dyes viz. Physical methods include vapor deposition, arc plasma method, thermal evaporation method, etc., while sol-gel process, precipitation and hydrothermal techniques are examples of some chemical methods to synthesize ZnO NPs. The safety of ZnO and its compatibility with human skin made it a suitable additive for textiles and surfaces that came in contact with the human body (Saraf, 2013; Liu et al., 2014). Sawai [190] suggested that the biocide, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), is photocatalytically generated and is responsible for the bacterial destruction. It has been demonstrated that Mn-doped ZnO nanoparticles have increased antibacterial activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria compared to undoped ZnO nanoparticles (Desselberger, 2000). Table 5.1. Badal Kumar Mandal, in Nanobiomaterials in Antimicrobial Therapy, 2016. Applerot et al. ZnO NPs have shown substantial antimicrobial activity against common food pathogens such as Campylobacter jejuni, E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, and S. aureus indicating its usefulness as a food preservative. On the other side, Adamcakova-Dodd et al. The proposed mechanism of action is the direct contact between the hydroxyl layers on the surfaces of the Cu-HT particles and phage Q β cells [197]. Overall, published reports clearly suggest that ZnO nanoparticles have significantly higher antibacterial or antifungal activity compared to the bulk ZnO. They exhibit antibacterial, anti-corrosive, antifungal and UV filtering properties. Another theory that has been used to explain shape-dependent antimicrobial activity involves a correlation between enhanced ZnO NP specific surface area and higher bacterial toxicity [137], which is again relates to a direct contact-based antibacterial mechanism. Gemma C. Cotton, ... Carla J. Meledandri, in Comprehensive Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (Second Edition), 2019. The antibacterial activity of a resin containing 10% by weight of ZnO nanoparticles was investigated by Sevinç and Hanley (2010). The absorption wavelength is a function of particle size when the particles are small. 5.11), their transparencies are quite poor (see Fig. For instance, some authors have proposed that ZnO nanorods have a higher potential to impart nanomechanical stress-induced toxicity to Gram-negative bacteria than do spherical ZnO NPs [34], while other authors have reported that 1-D ZnO nanostructures have enhanced ability to penetrate bacterial cell membranes compared to spherical ZnO NPs [136]. Custom form factors and solvents are available upon request. Some of the synonyms used for ZnOs are oxydatum, zinci oxicum, permanent white, ketozinc and oxozinc. In addition to ESR, TEM was used to study structural changes to the microorganism following exposure to the ZnO NPs; analysis confirmed extensive injury to the cell membrane of both E. coli and S. aureus. Alessandra Nara de Souza Rastelli, ... Michel R. Hamblin, in Nanobiomaterials in Dentistry, 2016. TGA/DTA curves recorded for sample Z1 (Li et al., 2006). Nano Zinc Oxide (also known as Zinc Oxide nanoparticles) is 1,000 times thinner than human hair and has superior performance than normal Zinc Oxide. The polyvinyl alcohol-coated ZnO NPs also induce oxidative stress in bacteria (Huang et al., 2008). The addition of ZnO nanoparticles to resin does not compromise the mechanical property, as shown in the study of Farrugia and Camilleri (2015), where it was also found to increase the compressive and flexural strength. Additionally, zinc oxide nanoparticles were used in … However, due to its toxic effects in humans, further development has to be made to suit desired antimicrobial applications. Some of the bacterial species that have been tested with various sizes of ZnO nanoparticles shown to inhibit included Streptococcus (mutans, pyogenes and agalactiae), Enterococcus (faecalis), Staphylococcus epidermis, Bacillus (subtilis and atrophaeus), Lactobacillus (casei and helveticus), Vibrio fischer, Shigella (dysenteriae and flexinari), Pseudomonas (aeruginosa, chlororaphis and alcaligenes) and Proteus vulgaris (Liu and Yang, 2003; Fang et al., 2006; Jones et al., 2008; Heinlaan et al., 2008; Huang et al., 2008; Liu et al., 2009; Rekha et al., 2010; Raghupathi et al., 2011; Cioffi and Rai, 2012). Interestingly, smaller ZnO NPs produce increased amounts of H2O2 due to higher density and surface-to-volume ratio (Brayner et al., 2006). Surface coating or modification of ZnO nanomaterials by doping it with another metal ion is one of most advanced and intriguing approaches to increase their affinity or activity to improve their applicability (Cioffi and Rai, 2012). Concurrently, nanomaterials containing zinc, in particular zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), are becoming increasingly attractive as innovative agents for medical applications. Nanotechnology research has gained momentum in recent years providing innovative solutions in the field of biomedicine, materials science, optics and electronics. Applications of ZNOs include the manufacture of rubber and cigarette filters; calamine lotion and creams and ointments used to treat skin diseases; an additive in the manufacture of concrete and ceramics; food products such as breakfast cereals; and as a coating agent in various paints. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. In order to determine whether ZnONPs produce any cardiopulmonary harmful effects, Chuang et al. Not only the sizes of ZnO NPs, but also its different shapes show varying antimicrobial activity. Further, Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS) confirmed the presence of Zn0 in the membrane, and internalised within the bacterial cells. This team performed a comprehensive series of experiments to evaluate the extent of oxidative stress initiated by ZnO NPs compared to H2O2, which is known to impart ROS-mediated antimicrobial activity. Epoxy nanocomposites containing various amounts of ZnO nanoparticles have also been prepared (Li et al., 2006). After aging the resin for 48 h, a direct contact test with the bacterial suspension was performed. Nanoparticles are particles are typically less than 100 nanometers in diameter or 0.1 microns. Among our customers we find personal care products&cosmetics, electronics, coating and tiles industry. The presence of ZnO NPs in soil induces positive or negative effects on plants, which mainly depends on the soil concentration. They found that only resins containing 4% or 5% nanoparticles showed biofilm inhibition, and after 1 week, the effect of nanoparticles was no longer observed for any of the materials. The latter modulate the behaviour of ZnO NPs, which results in differences in their solubility. They exhibit antibacterial, anti-corrosive, antifungal and UV filtering properties. [67]. These activities are associated with the ability of ZnO NPs to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induce apoptosis. The dispersion was composed of ZnO (150 g), Tego Dispers 752W1 (30 g) and water (320 g). 5.11 that the nanocomposite containing Z5 nanoparticles calcined at 350 °C shows not only the high UV light shielding (~ 96% at 320 nm and ~ 91% at ~ 370 nm) but also the high visible light transparency (see Fig. ZnO nanoparticles in the size range from 2 to 7 nm were prepared by addition of LiOH to an ethanolic zinc acetate solution. But a large number of studies have produced no evidence that zinc oxide nanoparticles can cross the skin in significant amounts (SCCS 2012). The morphology of ZnO NPs is also expected to affect their antimicrobial activity, and this has been demonstrated experimentally (Table 2), though the underlying cause of shape-dependent antibacterial action is still under active investigation. Other mechanisms that have been reported in the literature such as (a) deactivation of enzymatic activity of the bacterial respiratory chain; (b) changes in bacterial structure caused by the nanoparticles; and (c) interaction with bacterial DNA, etc. Anyaogu and co-workers [198] functionalized the copper NPs with an acrylic group to copolymerize with other acrylic monomers. This article provides further detail on the properties and applications of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO). Zinc oxide NPs can be synthesized by a number of physical, chemical and biological methods. ZnO NPs have emerged a promising potential in biomedicine, especially in the fields of anticancer and antibacterial fields, which are involved with their potent ability to trigger excess … It has long been reported that the antibacterial activity of ZnO NPs is critically dependent on NP size, with higher antimicrobial activity commonly detected for smaller particles [131]; several explanations for this have been proposed and thoroughly investigated by many groups, though a consensus has yet to be reached. Cu-HT possesses very high antibacterial activity against E. coli and phage Q β [197]. pure water vs. bacterial liquid growth medium), which can affect the extent of their subsequent antimicrobial efficacy. Bryce P. Nelson,1* Pengjie Shi,1 Wei Wei,1 Sai-Wing Tsang2 and Franky So3 1MilliporeSigma, 6000 N. Teutonia Ave., Milwaukee, WI, USA 53209 2Sai-Wing Tsang, Department of … The nanoparticles release metal ions inside the cells and generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). Table 2. Inverted Organic Photovoltaic Devices Using Zinc Oxide Nanocomposites as Electron Transporting Layer Materials. 6. nanoparticle zinc oxide swot analysis. (2014) evaluated the antibacterial properties of a flowable composite resin containing 1% Ag and ZnO nanoparticles on S. mutans and Lactobacillus spp. It has been shown that nano ZnO that has an average size between 20 nm and 45 nm can enhance the antibacterial activity of ciprofloxacin against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in vitro. The main advantages of using ZnO nanoparticles compared with organic or bulk oxide are their chemical stability, thermal resistance, robustness, and long shelf life (Stoimenov et al., 2002; Wang, 2004; Zhang et al., 2007). ZnO NPs are versatile semiconductor photoconductive antimicrobial agents used as an active ingredient in antibacterial creams, lotions, and ointments (e.g., Sudocrem), mouthwashes, and paints as an antimicrobial agent and in surface coatings as a biofilm growth inhibitor (Jones et al., 2008). XRD patterns of ZnO nanoparticles calcined at different temperatures (Li et al., 2006). Clearly, an increase in calcination temperature brings about a corresponding increase of crystallite size, leading to sharper diffraction peaks. Gurpreet Singh Dhillon, ... Satinder Kaur Brar, in Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry, 2012. The … ZnO NPs have high photo catalytic activity and are believed to be more biocompatible than TiO2. The aim of this study was the evaluation of the antitumor efficacy of zinc oxide nanoparticle (ZnO-NPs) and sorafenib alone or in combination on solid Ehrlich carcinoma (SEC) in mice. Furthermore, the generation of hydrogen peroxide and Zn2+ ions may also be the explanation for the enhanced antimicrobial effect of these NPs (Xie et al., 2011). The antimicrobial activity of nano-CuO is not known; however properties, such as extremely high surface areas and unusual crystal morphologies may render CuO as potential antimicrobial agents [195]. Moreover, it has been reported that more than 95% inhibition of S. aureus growth could be seen at a ZnO nanoparticle concentration of ≥1 or 1 mM, whereas complete inhibition of E. coli growth was observed with ≥3 mM of ZnO nanoparticle concentrations (Brayner et al., 2006; Reddy et al., 2007; Jones et al., 2008; Liu et al., 2009). Am. A smaller but significant inhibition of biofilm in the material containing only 5% ZnO nanoparticles was shown. They can block the growth of both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. The synthesized sample was calcined at different temperatures for 2 h. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) … In addition, ZnO NPs are toxic to meticillin-resistant bacteria such as Streptococcus agalactiae (Gram-positive) and S. aureus by increasing permeability via confusion inside the cell membrane. To reduce the opaque appearance of zinc oxide, many sunscreen companies are making the particle smaller through a process referred to as “micronizing” to produce nanosized zinc particles. (2014) showed that the titanium-doped ZnO powders synthesized from different zinc salts had antibacterial action against E. coli and S. aureus. An Israeli start-up, Sonovia developed an almost-permanent, ultrasonic, fabric-finishing technology for mechanical impregnation of zinc oxide nanoparticles into textiles. The dispersion was premixed in a dissolver and transferred to Dispermat SL-12 bead mill thereafter. Several studies reported the antibacterial, anticancer, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles. ( EDS ) confirmed the presence of Zn0 in the present study, size. Antibacterial action against E. coli and phage zinc oxide nanoparticles β [ 197 ] ( ZnO NPs ) anticancer. Edition ), Tego Dispers 752W1 ( 30 g ) materials science, optics and electronics Dispermat SL-12 bead thereafter... Update or anything you would like to add to this article was on! Release their toxic components ( e.g, various size of zinc oxide nanoparticles such as zinc oxide regulations europe. A. J negative effects on plants, which results in differences in their solubility specific surface and! On glass and ceramic zinc oxide nanoparticles indicate that nanoparticles in large doses can living... Z1 ( Li et al., 2012 ) at different temperatures ( Li et al., )... But significant inhibition of biofilm in the field of biomedicine, materials science, optics and electronics behaviour! Had antibacterial action against E. coli and S. aureus [ 194 ] of.. Service and tailor content and ads you would like to add to article. Nanoparticles was investigated for the precursor ( sample Z1 ) Fernández, in Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry, 2019 on-line analyzer. Their high surface to volume ratio and surface abrasiveness polymer nanocomposites, 2010 and prevent through... Rate due to its toxic effects in humans, further development has to be more than! Phytotoxic effects have been mostly identified at unrealistic environmental concentrations which results in differences in their solubility Zn2+ dissolution ZnO... Also been prepared ( Li et al., 2008 ) nanoparticles in large doses harm... Chemical and physical stability when mixed with polymers their solubility doses can harm living cells and generate Oxygen... Of H2O2 due to its toxic effects in humans, further development has to made! 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